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Nickel density1/29/2024 ![]() In Switzerland in 2009, the equivalent statistic was approximately 60%. Ībout 22% of portable rechargeable batteries sold in Japan in 2010 were NiMH. In the European Union due to its Battery Directive, nickel metal hydride batteries replaced Ni–Cd batteries for portable consumer use. In 2008, more than two million hybrid cars worldwide were manufactured with NiMH batteries. improved the Ti–Ni alloy structure and composition and patented its innovations. The first consumer-grade NiMH cells became commercially available in 1989. Modern NiMH cells were based on this design. More economically viable alloys using mischmetal instead of lanthanum were soon developed. In 1987, Willems and Buschow demonstrated a successful battery based on this approach (using a mixture of La 0.8Nd 0.2Ni 2.5Co 2.4Si 0.1), which kept 84% of its charge capacity after 4000 charge–discharge cycles. However, these suffered from alloy instability in alkaline electrolyte and consequently insufficient cycle life. Research carried out by Philips Laboratories and France's CNRS developed new high-energy hybrid alloys incorporating rare-earth metals for the negative electrode. Hydride technology promised an alternative, less bulky way to store the hydrogen. Interest grew in the 1970s with the commercialisation of the nickel–hydrogen battery for satellite applications. Patent applications were filed in European countries (priority: Switzerland), the United States, and Japan. h/kg (180 kJ/kg), specific power up to 1000 W/kg and a life of 500 charge cycles (at 100% depth of discharge).The batteries' specific energy reached 50 W Development was sponsored over nearly two decades by Daimler-Benz and by Volkswagen AG within Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft, now a subsidiary of Daimler AG. It was based on sintered Ti 2Ni+TiNi+x alloys and NiOOH electrodes. Assuming that S is the only light element and considering the range of suggested Ni content, we estimated a 5.3–6.6 wt% S content in the Earth’s outer core.Work on NiMH batteries began at the Battelle-Geneva Research Center following the technology's invention in 1967. Combined with the above EoS parameters and the thermal dependence reported in the literature, our data were extrapolated to the outer core conditions of the Earth. The change in the atomic volume of Fe 46.5Ni 28.5S 25 upon melting was found to be ~10% at the melting temperature, a significantly larger value than that of pure Fe (~3%). ![]() ![]() The obtained density data were fitted to a third-order Vinet equation of state (EoS), and the determined isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative at 24.6 GPa are K TPr = 110.5(250) GPa and K TPr ′ = 7.2(25), respectively, with a fixed density of r Pr = 6.43 g/cm 3 at 24.6 GPa. The determined density of liquid Fe 46.5Ni 28.5S 25 at 74 GPa and 3400 K is 8.03(35) g/cm 3, 15% lower than that of pure liquid Fe. The density of liquid iron-nickel-sulfur (Fe 46.5Ni 28.5S 25) alloy was determined at pressures up to 74 GPa and an average temperature of 3400 K via pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) data obtained using laser-heated diamond-anvil cells.
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